稳定性肥料形态和施肥方式对玉米产量的影响

Effects of Stabilized Fertilizer Forms and Application Methods on Maize Yield

摘要:

为探究大颗粒肥料在我国东北地区玉米种植体系的应用潜力，以稳定性肥料为研究对象，设置4个处理：对照处理(CK)、稳定性肥料条施处理(T₁)、稳定性肥料穴施处理(T₂)及挤压造粒形成的大颗粒稳定性肥料处理(T₃)。研究比较不同肥料形态与施用方式下土壤养分的动态释放特征及其对玉米产量的影响，从减少肥料损失、促进农业可持续发展的角度筛选最优施肥模式，为降低东北玉米种植施肥成本提供科学依据。结果表明，不同肥料形态与施用方式显著影响土壤养分的释放进程，尤以无机氮的释放最为显著，其中，稳定性肥料条施处理(T₁)的无机氮释放速率最快。在玉米生长前期，T₁处理的无机氮释放量达到峰值，且分别低于穴施处理(T₂)和大颗粒处理(T₃)峰值的22%和20%，之后逐渐下降。玉米前3个关键生育期内，T₁、T₂和T₃处理的氮素累积释放量分别为69%、76%和65%；而在玉米生长后期，T₃处理的氮素释放量最高，达35%。产量分析显示，T₂与T₃处理下玉米穗重较高，其中T₃处理较T₂处理提高了0.86%，且显著高于T₁处理(增产10.38%)。各处理产量依次为：CK处理6 871.47 kg/hm²，T₁处理7 413.50 kg/hm²，T₂处理8 112.88 kg/hm²，T₃处理8 182.82 kg/hm²。由此可见，大颗粒肥料可保障东北玉米稳产高产。同时，利用挤压造粒技术生产大颗粒肥料，能有效减少生产过程中的碳排放，降低加工成本，间接提高农户经济效益。

Abstract:

To explore the application potential of large-particle fertilizers in the maize cultivation systems of Northeast China, stabilized fertilizers were utilized as the research subject in this study. Four experimental treatments were established: control treatment(CK),band application of stabilized fertilizer(T1), hole application of stabilized fertilizer(T2), and large-particle stabilized fertilizer produced via extrusion granulation(T3).The research compared the dynamic characteristics of soil nutrient release and their effects on maize yield under different fertilizer forms and application methods, aiming to select the optimal fertilization mode for reducing fertilizer loss and promoting sustainable agricultural development, and to provide a scientific basis for reducing fertilization costs in maize cultivation in Northeast China.The results showed that different fertilizer forms and application methods significantly affected the soil nutrient release process, with inorganic nitrogen release being particularly notable. The band application treatment(T1) exhibited the fastest release rate of inorganic nitrogen. During the early growth stage of maize, the peak release of inorganic nitrogen in treatment T1 was reached, which was 22% and 20% lower than the peaks of the hole application treatment(T2) and the large-particle treatment(T3), respectively. After that, it gradually decreased. During the first three key growth periods of maize, the cumulative nitrogen release in T1, T2, and T3 treatments was 69%, 76%, and 65%, respectively; while during the later growth stages, the nitrogen release in T3 treatment was the highest, reaching 35%. Yield analysis indicated that both T2 and T3 treatments resulted in higher maize ear weights, with T3 treatment increasing by 0.86% compared with T2 treatment, and showing a significant increase of 10.38% over T1 treatment. The grain yields were as follows: CK treatment 6871.47 kg/ha, T1 treatment 7413.5 kg/ha, T2 treatment 8112.88 kg/ha, and T3 treatment 8182.82 kg/ha. These findings demonstrate that large-particle fertilizers can ensure stable and high maize yields in Northeast China. Furthermore, the application of extrusion granulation technology effectively reduces carbon emissions during production, lowers processing costs, and indirectly enhances farmers' economic benefits. This study provides a new technical pathway for sustainable agricultural development, as well as a scientific and efficient fertilization solution for large-scale crop production under land-intensive management models.