近10年河北省审定节水小麦品种农艺性状演变规律

Comprehensive Agronomic Trait Evolution of Water-Saving Wheat Varieties Approved in Hebei Province in Recent 10 Years

摘要:

以2015—2024年河北省审定节水小麦品种为试验材料，采用相关性分析、偏相关性分析和通径分析的方法对节水小麦品种的演变规律及各性状间的关联性进行研究。结果表明，近年来，河北省审定的节水小麦品种主要为较强抗旱型，产量三要素逐年上升，小麦产量年均递增200.65 kg/hm²；节水指数稳定，株高增加，生育期缩短。相关性分析表明，节水指数与株高呈正相关，与千粒重呈负相关；产量三要素中穗数、千粒重与产量的相关性达极显著水平，生育期与产量呈极显著负相关。偏相关性分析和通径分析表明，穗数、千粒重和株高对产量有正向作用，其中穗数作用最大；穗粒数和生育期对产量为负向作用。综合分析认为，增加株高可以改善节水指数；株高升高、生育期缩短以及穗数和千粒重的增加有利于产量的改善。因此，保证株高，稳定穗数和千粒重，适度提高穗粒数，促进产量三要素协调发展可能是今后提高小麦产量的关键，育种者可以通过选择生育期短、灌浆速率较快、结实性较好以及株高较高的品种来适应当前生产。

Abstract:

To reveal the evolutionary law of water-saving wheat varieties and the correlation between various traits, and provide a scientific basis for the genetic improvement of new varieties and production practice, this study took the water-saving wheat varieties approved in Hebei Province from 2015 to 2024 as experimental materials, and adopted correlation, partial correlation, and path analysis methods to explore the evolutionary law of water-saving wheat varieties and the correlation between traits. The results showed that in recent years, the watersaving wheat varieties approved in Hebei Province were mainly of the stronger drought-resistant type. Although the wheat yield increased by an average of 200.65 kg/ha per year, the coefficient of variation of yield was small,indicating limited room for further improvement. The water-saving index remained stable, while the three yield components(number of spikes, kernels per spike, and thousand-grain weight) showed an annual upward trend;meanwhile, plant height increased and growth period shortened year by year. Correlation analysis indicated that the water-saving index was extremely significantly positively correlated with plant height and extremely significantly negatively correlated with thousand-grain weight. Among the three yield components, the number of spikes and thousand-grain weight were extremely significantly correlated with yield, while the growth period was extremely significantly negatively correlated with yield. Partial correlation and path analysis showed that the number of spikes, thousand-grain weight, and plant height had a positive effect on yield, with the number of spikes having the greatest effect; kernels per spike, growth period, and water-saving index had a negative effect on yield,but the effect of kernels per spike was relatively weak. Comprehensive analysis revealed that increasing plant height would lead to a decrease in thousand-grain weight(thus affecting yield), but an increase in plant height could improve the water-saving index. Additionally, increased plant height, shortened growth period, and increased number of spikes and thousand-grain weight were beneficial to yield improvement. Therefore, maintaining appropriate plant height, stabilizing the number of spikes and thousand-grain weight, moderately increasing kernels per spike, and promoting the coordinated development of the three yield components may be the key to improving wheat yield potential in the future. Breeders can select varieties with short growth period, fast grain filling rate, good seed-setting rate, and relatively high plant height to adapt to current production needs.